Textual research on medicinal blue herbs / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, through the collection and collation of ancient herbs, medical books and prescriptions, combined with modern literature, the historical changes of the name, origin, position, medicinal parts, collection, processing and processing of bluegrass were systematically combed and verified.It can be seen from the research that bluegrass was first used as medicine by the fruit, namely blueberry, which was originally Polygonum tinctorium. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, blueberry was rarely used, and it has been no longer used medicinally. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the medicinal parts extended to the stems and leaves, and most of them used juice as medicine.Since the Tang Dynasty, origin has been extended to Isatis indigotica, Baphicacanthus cusia, Indigofera tinctoria, Compositae plant Wulan, etc. In the Song Dynasty, the medicinal parts extended to the roots, and the "Banlangen" began to appear, and gradually became the main medicinal parts of blue medicinal materials, the main base of which was B. cusia. Since the Qing Dynasty, I. indigotica, a Cruciferae, has gradually become a genuine indigo root, while B. cusia has become a southern indigo root. It was the first mineral dye imported from abroad for thrush, and then used as medicine, also known as clam powder. Because it was found that it had the same effect with the extract of bluegrass, it was also named indigo naturalis in China, which has lasted till now. The main stream of Isatidis Folium in the past dynasties is the dry stem and leaf of Clerodendrum cyrtophylum. Since the Qing Dynasty, the stem and leaf of Isatis indigotica, P. tinctorium and other blue grasses have been gradually mixed as substitutes and gradually become the mainstream.

Survey of traditional Dai medicine reveals species confusion and potential safety concerns: a case study on Radix Clerodendri Japonicum / 中国天然药物

The adulteration of herbal products is a threat to consumer safety. In the present study, we surveyed the species composition of commercial Radix Clerodendri Japonicum products using DNA barcoding as a supervisory method. A reference database for plant-material DNA-barcode was successfully constructed with 48 voucher samples from 12 Clerodendrum species. The database was used to identify 27 Radix Clerodendri Japonicum decoction piece samples purchased from drug stores and hospitals. The DNA sequencing results revealed that only 1 decoction piece (3.70%) was authentic C. japonicum, as recorded in the Dai Pharmacopeia, whereas the other samples were all adulterants, indicating a potential safety issue. The results indicate that decoction pieces that are available in the market have complex origins and that DNA barcoding is a suitable tool for regulation of Dai medicines.

Protective effect of Clerodendrum colebrookianum leaves against iron-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice.

Liver toxicity due to iron overload leads to oxidative damage of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which in turn manifests several human diseases. Here, we evaluated the improving effect of Clerodendrum colebrookianum leaf on iron overload induced liver injury along with in vitro iron chelation and the protection of Fenton reaction induced DNA damage was conducted. Iron overload was induced by intraperitoneal administration of iron-dextran into mice. Post oral administration of different doses of the extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) showed significant decrease in different biochemical markers such as liver iron, serum ferritin and serum enzyme levels, along with decreased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and collagen content. In addition, the extract effectively enhanced the antioxidant enzyme levels and also exhibited the potential activity of the reductive release of ferritin iron. The protective effect of C. colebrookianum extract on injured liver was furthermore supported by the histopathological studies that showed improvement histologically. In conclusion, the present results demonstrated the hepatoprotective efficiency of C. colebrookianum leaf in iron overloaded mice, and hence, a potential iron chelating drug for iron overload diseases.

Scutellarein Reduces Inflammatory Responses by Inhibiting Src Kinase Activity

Flavonoids are plant pigments that have been demonstrated to exert various pharmacological effects including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the molecular mechanisms in terms of exact target proteins of flavonoids are not fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of scutellarein (SCT), a flavonoid isolated from Erigeron breviscapus, Clerodendrum phlomidis and Oroxylum indicum Vent that have been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory diseases in China and Brazil. For this purpose, a nitric oxide (NO) assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nuclear fractionation, immunoblot analysis, a kinase assay, and an overexpression strategy were employed. Scutellarein significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the mRNA expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, SCT also dampened nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-driven expression of a luciferase reporter gene upon transfection of a TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (TRIF) construct into Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells; similarly, NF-kappa B nuclear translocation was inhibited by SCT. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of various upstream signaling enzymes involved in NF-kappaB activation were decreased by SCT treatment in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Finally, SCT strongly inhibited Src kinase activity and also inhibited the autophosphorylation of overexpressed Src. Therefore, our data suggest that SCT can block the inflammatory response by directly inhibiting Src kinase activity linked to NF-kappaB activation.

Chronic Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum by Carrageenin Induced Paw Oedema in Wistar Albino Rats.

Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate chronic anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum (EELCV) by carrageenin induced paw oedema in Wistar albino rats. Study Design: Prospective. Place and Duration of Study: Dept of Pharmacology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India. June 2010-August 2010. Methodology: Dried powdered leaves of Clerodendrum viscosum were subjected to Soxhlet extraction by using 90 % ethanol. Based on acute oral toxicity study according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines no. 423, three doses of the test drug was selected (75, 150 & 300 mg/kg) for rats, and were subjected to screening for anti-inflammatory activity. Results: Oral administration of EELCV at doses of 150 mg/kg (P = .01) and 300mg/kg (P = .05) has shown significant anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenin induced paw oedema in Wistar albino rats compared to control. A significant inhibition of oedema formation was also observed at 4th hour. Conclusion: Administration of EELCV orally at the doses of 150 mg/kg (P = .01) and 300mg/kg (P = .05) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenin induced paw oedema in Wistar Albino rats. The percentage inhibition of the oedema at 3rd hour was 63.75 % for the dose of 150 mg/kg and 46.30 % for the dose of 300 mg/kg. A significant inhibition was also observed at 4th hour.

Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb--a review

Present review for the first time provides a complete botanical description and information on ethnomedicinal uses of Clerodendron glandulosum.Coleb (CG; Fam, Verbenaceae). Recent studies conducted from our laboratory provide pharmacological evidence for its anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potentials. Further, its beneficial potential in preventing in vitro and in vivo non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis and potent hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging abilities along with its acute and sub-chronic toxicological evaluations are also reported from our laboratory. In keeping with its traditional uses, CG extract was capable of ameliorating experimentally induced hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Its beneficial potential against NASH induced oxidative stress and atherosclerosis can be attributed to its potent free radical scavenging potential. Non-toxic nature of CG leaf extract further provides added merit to its reported pharmacological properties. The present review summarizes the pioneering scientific evidence for the pharmacological effects of CG against related metabolic disorders like hypertension, diabetes and obesity along with anti oxidant potential and beneficial effects against non alcoholic steatohepatitis.

In Vivo Anti-Malarial Activities of Clerodendrum Myricoides; Dodonea Angustifolia and Aloe Debrana against Plasmodium Berghei

Background:Malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum is an acute disease which kills an estimated 863;000 people per year according to the WHO report of 2009. The fight against malaria is faced with the occurrence of widespread resistance of P. falciparum. The search for plant-derived antimalarial drugs has great importance in this regard. Thus this study evaluates the toxicity and antimalarial activity of extracts of Clerodendrum myricoides; Dodonia angustifolia and Aloe debrana. Method: Acute and sub acute toxicity studies of the extracts were carried out by giving up to 3000mg/kg to noninfected mice. Weight loss; change in general behavior and mortality were used as indicators of toxicity. Doses of 200; 400 et 600mg/kg/day of each extract of C.myricoides; D. dodonia and A.debrana were given orally to Plasmodium berghei infected mice following the four-day suppressive test procedure. Results: None of the extracts caused symptoms of toxicity at the given doses. Each extract showed variable level of parasitaemia suppression in dose related manner. Methanol extract of C. myricoides leaves exerted 82.50suppression at the dose of 600mg/kg. The methanol extract of the root of D. angustifolia showed the highest (84.52) suppression of parasitaemia at the dose of 600mg/kg. Furthermore; methanol extract of A. debrana induced 73.95suppression; whereas its water extract exerted 54.36suppression of parasitaemia. Conclusion: Crude extracts of C. myricoides; D. angustifolia and A.debrana caused strong activities against P. berghei indicating that they contain some chemical constituents that possibly lead to antimalarial drug development

Antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants Cassia occidentalis, Clerodendrum inerme and Rhinacanthus nasutus against skin pathogens

Antibacterial activities of three medicinal plants [Cassia occidentalis, Clerodendrum inerme and Rhinacanthus nasutius] against the skin pathogenic micro-organisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes were evaluated. Effects of aqueous extracts of leaves and roots were assessed by disc diffusion method. All the skin pathogens were re-sensitive to all plant extracts of leaves and roots. Clerodendrum inerme showed broad spectrum antibacterial property as its leaves and root extracts were inhibitory to all the micro-organisms and were more effective than other plant extracts

Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Clerodendrum serratum L.

The ethanol extract of C. serratum roots and ursolic acid isolated from it were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in male Wistar strain rats. The parameters studied were estimation of liver function serum markers such as serum total bilirubin, total protein, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities. The ursolic acid showed more significant hepatoprotective activity than crude extract. The histological profile of the liver tissue of the root extract and ursolic acid treated animal showed the presence of normal hepatic cords, absence of necrosis and fatty infiltration as similar to the controls. The results when compared with the standard drug silymarin, revealed that the hepatoprotective activity of the constituent ursolic acid is significant as similar to the standard drug.

Pharmacological studies of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp, a potent hypotensive plant.

Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp., (Fam: Verbenaceae) locally known is "NEFAFU" is widely used for curing various diseases. Here some pharmacological properties of this plant were studied using rat & mice of either sex. Methanol extract (MLE) of various concentrations (50, 100, 200 mg/kg of body wt) were tested on animals. Carrageenin induced rat paw oedema model with three hours for oedema formation was used to test anti-inflammatory activity. It was observed that the plant extract significantly inhibits the Carrageenin induced rat paw oedema. The acetic acid induced writhing test by injecting 0.6% acetic acid (i.p.) followed by injecting MLE & tail immersion test, both in hot & cold water was used to test the analgesic effect of the plant. In all the four experiments MLE (200 mg/kg, of body wt.) has been found mostly effective in inhibiting Carrageenin induced rat paw oedema, the number of writhings induced by acetic acid & elevated pain threshold in hot & cold-water test. It reduced the number of abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid and elevated pain threshold in hot tail flick test. The effect of methanol extract (MLE) on phenobarbitone induced sleeping time was also tested, here again MLE (200 mg/kg of body wt) showed remarkable prolongation in sleeping time. Seasonal variation on the activities of the plant extract was also investigated in the study. The plant samples were collected in the months of January and July of the year. It has been observed that the January collection of the plant showed higher activities in most of the parameters in these experiments and also showed significantly higher values in the proximate analysis. The leaves of the C. colebrookianum were practically found to be non-toxic.

Isolation and characterization of phenylethanoid glycosides from Clerodendron bungei / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the chemical constituents from Clerodendron bungei Steud.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and identified by their physicochemical properties and spectral data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ten phenylethanoid glycosides were isolated and identified as clerodendronoside (1), acteoside (2), isoacteoside (3), cistanoside C (4), jionoside C (5), leucosceptoside A (6), cistanoside D (7), campneoside I (8), campneoside II (9), cistanoside F (10).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compound 1 is a new phenylethanoid glycoside, while compounds 4-10 are obtained from this plant for the first time.</p>

Micropropagation of Clerodendrum aculeatum through adventitious shoot induction and production of consistent amount of virus resistance inducing protein.

Rapid micropropagation through adventitious shoot induction from in vitro raised leaf explants of Clerodendrum aculeatum (Verbenaceae), was successfully achieved for the first time. Basal portion of the leaves showed highest regeneration potential when grown on MS medium supplemented with BA (5.0 mg/l) and NAA and IBA (0.5 mg/l of each). Shoots after elongation in growth regulator-free medium, were rooted in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l of NAA and IBA. Aqueous leaf extract of in vitro raised plants, induced high degree of resistance against viruses in susceptible healthy hosts when applied prior to virus inoculation. Upon purification from leaves of cultured plants, the resistance inducing protein, showed molecular mass of 34 kDa. Amount of resistance inducing protein obtained from leaves of cultured plants, was consistent throughout the year, as compared to the protein isolated from leaves of field grown plants, which showed marked seasonal fluctuation. The purified 34 kDa protein from in vitro raised plants, was serologically related to field grown plants and possessed similar characteristics. The micropropagated plants were successfully established in earthen pots under greenhouse conditions.

Studies on the chemical constituents of the volatiles of Clerodendron bungei / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyse chemical constituents of the volatiles of Clerodendron bungei.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The volatiles of C. bungei were extracted through steam distillation, and then the constituents were separated by GC and identified by MS.</p><p><b>RESULT AND CONCLUSION</b>33 Compounds were identified. The principal chemical constituents of the volatiles of C. bungei are ethanol, acetone, 1-penten-3-ol,2-pentanol, (Z)-2-penten-1-ol, 3-furaldehyde, 3-hexen-1-ol, 4-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanol, benzenemethanol, linal-ool oxide, trans-Linalool oxide, linalool,2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, phenylethyl alcohol, etc.</p>

Studies on chemical constituents of Clerodendrum bungei / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the constituents from Clerodendrum bungei.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents were isolated and purified with chromatographic methods, and identified by NMR, MS and IR.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Five compounds were isolated, beta-sitosterol (1), taraxerol (2), glochidone (3), glochidonol (4), glochidiol (5).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds (3), (4) and (5) were isolated for the first time from C. bungei.</p>

Studies on chemical constituents in leafs of Clerodendron fragrans / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To separate and identify the constituents from Clerodendron fragrans.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents were isolated and purified with chromatographic methods, identified by NMR, MS, IR.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Beta-sitosterol (1), clerosterol (2), daucosterol (3), caffeic acid (4), kaempferol (5), 5,4'-dihydroxy-kaempferol-7-O-beta-rutinoside (6), acteoside (7) and leucoseceptoside A (8), were isolated and identified.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compound 7 and 8 were identified for the first time from Clerodendron fragrans.</p>

About the compound with biological effect extracted recently from leaves of Clerodendron fragrans

The new flavonoid was isolated from the leaves of clerodendron fragrans Vent. Its structure was confirmed by various spectrum of IR, UV, MS, 1H, C13-NMR, DEPT, COSY as 5, 7, 8-trihydroxy-4, -methoxy flavone (I). That flavonoid composition presented good antioxiadant activity. Its effect on cathepsin activity in human blood was studied and showed that flavonoid increased cathepsin activity at optimum concentration.

Experimental Studies on Cerebrospinal: Part I: Immunological Assessment of Age of Bloody Cerebrospinal Fluid

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space is one of frequent complications in neurosurgical practice and most frequently caused by rupture of meningeal by trauma to the head. Hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space may occur in patient with blood dyscrasias, intracranial tumors, vascular anomalies, certain toxic or infectious disease of the nervous system, and intracerebral hemorrhages. In may be worthy academic interest and clinical practice to estimate the age of blood after hemorrhage into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The age was estimated and assessed by an immunological method with hemoagglutination activity using native Korean phytoagglutinin. The age of the red blood cells in RBC-CSF suspension of normal subjects was assessed and estimated by the hemoagglutination of phytoagglutinin in vitro. Vicia PHA and Clerodendron PHA chosen from among 18 different varieties of PHA are panhemoagglutinin and demonstrated the agglutination reaction most effectively. The agglutination activity of PHA with RBC-CSF suspension decreased gradually as time elapsed and activity subsided on 7~8th day. The age of RBC in CSF can be estimated by titration. The agglutination activity of PHA to RBC in CSF suspension continued for a longer period than that of PHA to either RBC in normal saline or anti-serum A and B in CSF. It would be well to say that the experimental results can be applied to clinical situations, especially subarachnoid hemorrhage.